History paintings

History paintings Introduction Romanticism can be described as a period that was characterized by numerous changes in the works of art.1 Besides, the period of romanticism is estimated to have existed between 1760 and1870. During this era, numerous changes occurred in the works of art coupled with reactions against the rise of Neoclassicism that was taking shape in most parts of Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History paintings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History painting artists such as Kauffmann, David, Delacroix and Gros were against what was particularly referred to as the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment, or rather the18th-century materialism. Romanticism was characterized by passion, imagination, autonomy and independence.2 Additionally, it emphasized on favorite historical art subjects, nature, people and landscapes. The Romantic Movement first developed in northern Europe as part of rejecting the new technical sta ndards of art which were fast emerging.3 It is against this scope that this paper aims to explore the aspect of romanticism in the history of painting by considering the works of artists such as Kauffmann, David, Delacroix and Gros. Kauffmann: It is apparent that Kauffmann was one of the prominent artists who were among the remarkable history painters during 18th century.4 He emerged as an active painter who used figural arrangements of old sculptures, poses and vase paintings. The artist figuratively influenced the stylistic trends of his times. For this reason, she emerges as a lucrative academic painter and thus left a mark in the field of history painting. Historical records have revealed that Kauffmann made inspirational and editorial paintings that were based on her lovely imaginations. Besides, she had made several fine etchings, friezes and ceilings. Myriad of decorations which she made around 1771-81 can be traced in some of the deluxe houses in Rome. 5 During the late 1770 s, the artist did history paintings mainly for monetary returns. Shortly after this period, Kauffmann drew her attention on neoclassicism. She produced paintings that were based on historical events that existed in ancient Rome an Athens. During this era, neoclassicism considered the work of art from the esteemed artistic perspective. Kauffmann participated in the movement. She produced a lot of exhibits mostly nude models that were used to illustrate the anatomy of human body. Moreover, she made historical paintings on landscapes and flowers. Regardless of the fact that painting of nude pictures by women was highly criticized she fairly improved her skill at drawing and painting human forms. To ward off criticism, she painted nude paintings and draped them with clothesAdvertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to research evidences on Kauffmann works; it is evident tha t she participated on exhibitions at Royal Academy in 1769. She presented four of her history pieces referred to as the iliad and odyssey.6 Out of the remarkable praise she received from the paintings, she was motivated to do more entries. Other remarkable entries include the â€Å"Venus showing Aeneas and Achates the way to carthage†.7 Evidence has that Kauffmans history paintings were different from works of other artists of her time because she portrayed women at the center of the events she painted. In addition to this, it is beyond doubt that Kauffman established a gender neutral figure in her works. In return this became an upcoming image that illustrated her personal understanding of gender parity. As an outstandingly successful female painter, she received privileges that most women were denied. For instance she received a membership in the Royal Academy that positioned her in better ground to exhibit her work.8 This position enabled her to bring a new perspective to history painting, particularly rendering the human figure. In producing gender neutral figures she managed to highlight the female role in most of her history painting. Due to the emergence of romanticism in the 18th century, Kauffman experienced all of these societal pressures and serious criticism rose against her works. However, she was able to ward off the critics as a woman and understood fully her role as an artist. During the wave of romanticism, only writers and poets were able to give their initial expression to romantic ideas. In that case, painters remained subject to such ideas and feelings. However, Kauffman acquired her inspirations from the romantic literature of the period. With the romantic movements Kauffmann gained awareness of how various form of arts interacted. Romantic critics asserted that that experience of insightful inner emotion was the major theme of creation and pleasure of art. For this reason, Kauffman became more determined to make her work pleasurab le and insightful irrespective of the critics.9 To achieve this, she explored the idea of genders neutrality and incorporated it in her history paintings. Moreover, she emphasized effeminacy, androgyny, cross-dressing and the mother as hero.10Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History paintings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, by incorporating cross-dressing and androgynous images, she reinvented the figures in history painting to emphasize on the theme of gender neutrality. It is beyond doubt that Kauffman was a highly privileged female artist who was talented and accepted in the masculine realm.11 Throughout her work, she incorporated all the aspects of romanticism in art such as originality, creativity, heightened sensation, fascination and emotional pleasure. Below is sample of Kauffmann works of art. Description: Angelica Kauffmann, her own portrait Source:  http://academics.smcvt.edu/awerbel/Surve y%20of%20Art%20History%20II/NeoclassicandRomantic.htm Description: Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures, 1785, Oil on Canvas. Jacques David David’s art initially embodied the neo-classicism style that was dominant in France during the late 18th to early 19th century.12 During this time, he flourished in styling rigorous contours, polished surfaces, history painting and sculptured forms. He abandoned the style due to its primacy and hence set a radical redefinition for the history of painting that drew their themes upon ancient events and distant civilization. David s work was grounded on the new found freedom of expressing emotions after countering neoclassicism.13Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his new style, he painted nature in it wild state that later stirred up creative imaginations. That’s not withstanding, David became a prominent artist of history and a virtual dictator of art. This artist was perfect in ethical paintings that focused of the moral climate that existed during the ancient periods Later on, the artist gained interest on romanticism as a student leader in France. He dealt with history paintings that made him to become renown worldwide. He was a landscape artist who achieved dramatic visualization in his pictorial work. Apparently, David had a marvelous mastery of his work as it was depicted on the effect of light and color on his exhibitions.14 Some of his remarkable works include the Hay wagon, snow storm and steam boat off a harbor mouth.15 It is apparent that romanticism influenced Jacques to appeal to the human need to appreciate the work of art since his exhibits held standard s of beauty that heightened public sensation. With the new rom antic style, David got an opportunity to adventure in repertoire subjects through painting that made him get exiled to Belgium in 1816.16 David History painting emerged as the most notable works of art. Several of his collections are still preserved in world renowned museums as exhibits. Below are samples of David’s works of art.17 1780 Source:  http://academics.smcvt.edu/awerbel/Survey%20of%20Art%20History%20II/NeoclassicandRomantic.htm Description: Jacques Louis-David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784-1785, Oil on Canvas Background of Eugene Delacroix One of the most remarkable aspects of romantic literature and art history that portrayed the natural world and expressed intense emotion and passion in the history of France came from Eugene Delacroix.18 Rubin describes Delacroix in his earthshaking article Eugene Delacroix as the most influential and greatest French painter and writer in the history of the French Romantic Movement.19 Delacroix (1798-1863) made astonishing use of colors in his paintings which many art scholars claim were very instrumental in developing the impressionist and post-impressionist activities. It is imperative to point out here that his exotic locale was important for his artistic work as not only entranced him, but also provided inspiration for his art and a source for his high and mundane artistic elements.20 Delacroix works Wilkin points out in her publication that one of the most defining literary pieces done by Delacroix was the Journal d’Eugene Delacroix which greatly displays his extensive and substantial literacy.21 It illuminates and describes his paintings while articulating his view on life, politics and art. As a matter of fact, his artistic beauty as described in the paper has been inspired by writings of Sir Walter Scott, Shakespeare, Goethe and Dante. Additionally, it represents unique contribution to the study of painting history.22 Liberty Leading the People Liberty Leading the People is one of the most ep ochal and monumental paintings made by Delacroix in response to an event in France described by biographers as a political upheaval of 1830 which almost caused the then reigning monarch called Charles X to be overthrown by the opposition.23 Spitzer describes the painting as a complex one that is weighed down with spectrums of emotions like despair, anger and grand heroism, and which is pregnant with historical references of the political upheaval.24 It is important to note that the painting characterizes French Romanticism which is expressed in complex interaction of colors showing dark shadows and brightly reflective areas. Rubin concurs with Spitzer’s view of the painting and suggests that the complex communication of colors, like rapid-fire brushwork creates vivid contrasts which augments the sense of energy and movement as well as activating the surface of the painting.25 Figure I: A Liberty Leading the People painting by Delacroix Tim argues that the unique style of pai nting Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People shows that he did not depend on the subtle and painstaking modulation of colors.26 Tim hinges this argument on the view that the painting has broken away from the tradition of painting and instead applied traces of shocking, brilliant and pure color pigment.27 From the diagram above, a person can clearly observe primary colors like the yellow, blue and the powerful reds which appear in sharp notes. In agreement, Trapp indicates that the effects in the picture are electrifying and vivid especially when observed against broad gray and brown areas.28 He concludes that this style faultlessly corresponds with the event and shows how liberty is advancing over barricades that are made of debris, and signify Parisian rebellion.29 Modern Nike Another fascinating piece of art history personifying freedom and standing in the tangled streets of France is the Modern Nike which the French refer to as Marianne.30 Scholars of history argue that be fore the 19th century, the largely medieval city of Paris and its streets were developed without a plan and this made it to appear chaotic. Nicholas posits that the warren, tousled and disheveled streets of Paris with narrow alleys presented major social and economic problems as they slowed down the movement of troops, trade and travel.31 It is in this crowded area that Delacroix artistic work personifying freedom, democracy and revolution stands.32 Figure 2: A Modern Nike sculpture in France representing romanticism Podro describes the piece of art clothed in a drapery circling the hips and which is being spun by wind as a picture that has a touch of classical statuary.33 It is on the imitation of Delacroix’s Modern Nike work that certain works like the Hellenistic sculpture with spiraling costume of the late ancient Greek and the Samothrace Nike were found.34 Of utmost importance to analysts in the picture in figure I is the idea behind Delacroix exposing Marianne’s breasts, and which analyst posit that since the figure is not a real human being, the exposure indicates an embodiment of an idea. Indeed, Marianne signifies a democracy that was created in ancient Greece. Delacroix uses partial nudity to refer to that kind of ancient democracy. In addition, the exposed breast depicts the first revolution in France which began in 1798 and created a new democratic state which was seen as an infant which needed to suckle from the breasts of its mother Marianne, and who represented freedom.35 Class distinctions Delacroix describes the phenomenon of class distinction in the history of France in the portrait below that show a menacing crowd that is partially hidden by a heavy smoke from the raging battle.36 Brown points out that these figures play a pivotal role of representing individuals of very different economic and social positions.37 For instance, the man with a jacket, Waistcoat and a top hat falls in the category of middle class citizens while t he second figure in a cap and white shirt represents a laborer and a member belonging to a lower class. Delacroix message in this picture clearly shows how in fighting a ruling aristocracy, a revolution has the power to unite different classes.38 Figure 3: A picture showing class distinction in France Rebellion and its consequences The foreground of figure I above shows bodies of two dead people with the one on the left side meant to enrage those who see it. Southgate argues that Delacroix brings the excesses and brutality exhibited by the king’s troops.39 In essence, the impression created by the painting is that of pure propaganda. The other dead person on the left epitomizes how the royal troops carry out despised practices of terror. The picture shows an individual in a nightshirt who seems to have been dragged from the comfort of his bedroom into the streets into the streets where he ends up being shot.40 In addition, there is a dead figure in uniform lying at the right side which Delacroix brings out as a royalist and an enemy who in such instances is vulnerable. At the far right end of the picture there are buildings like the Notre Dame de Paris and the great Gothic Cathedral, which symbolize the power of the king and which in the picture are flying in the tricolor triumphantly.41 Conclusion To sum up, the discussion has clearly indicated that the period of romanticism was characterized by flourishing intellectual movement in Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Many artists, composers, writers and philosophers responded to the complexity of that age with pieces of art showing the implications of the period. Besides, in the analysis, it is clear that the romantic thought during this time largely reflected organic conception of interconnections, the society and an individual’s life. Bibliography Ann-Marie, Michel. Delacroix and My Modern Masters. ARTnews 9, no.8(1999): 160- 168. Barbara, Gabriel. â€Å"Performing theory , performing gender: critical postscript†. Essays on Canadian Writing 54, no.6 (1994) 237-260. Barkley, Wilson. â€Å"JacquesLouis David†. Smithsonian 29, no. 5(1998), 80-91. Bordes, Philippe. Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile. Exhibition catalogue. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. Brookner, Anita. Romanticism and Its Discontents. New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2000. Brown, Bronwen. â€Å"The Cambridge companion to Delacroix†. Reference Review 16, no.1 (2002): 39. Crow, Thomas. Emulation: David, Drouais, and Girodet in the Art of Revolutionary France. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Galitz, Calley. The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Gibson, Michael. â€Å"Indelibly Delacroix†. The World I 13, no. 9 (1998): 112-117. Gossman, Lionel. â€Å"Painting the Sacred in the Age of Romanticism†. The Catholic Historical Review 97, no.3 (2011): 597-599. Kaufman, James Sternberg, Robert. The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Laurent, Annie. â€Å"Painting and the Journal of Eugà ¨ne Delacroix†. Revue de Littà ©rature Comparà ©e 281, no.4 (2007): 107-109. Nersessian, Anahid. â€Å"Romanticism, History, Historicisin: Essays on an Orthodoxy†. Studies in Romanticism 50, no. 2 (2011): 377-386. Nicholas, Williams. â€Å"Romanticism and Popular Culture in Britain and Ireland†. Nineteenth Century Literature 66, no. 1 (2011): 122-139. Pantazzi, Michael. â€Å"Memory in landscape: Corot at the National Gallery†. Queens Quarterly 103, no. 2 (1996): 286-297. Pauly, Rebecca. â€Å"Baudelaire and Delacroix on Tasso in Prison: Romantic reflections on a Renaissance martyr†. College Literature 30, no.2 (2003): 120-136. Podro, Michael. â€Å"Wrestling with the Angel: The mystery of Delacroixs mural†. TLS, the Times Literary Supplement 5 2, no.21 (2003): 30. Pollock, Griselda. The Female Hero and the Making of a Feminist Canon. Differencing the canon: feminist desire and the writing of arts histories. London: Routledge, 1999. Pontara, Tobias. â€Å"Beethoven Overcome: Romantic and Existentialist Utopia in Andrei Tarkovskys Stalker†. Nineteenth Century Music 34, no.3 (2011): 302-315,356. Rosenthal, Angela. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006. Rosenthal, Angelica. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Rubin, James. â€Å"Delacroixs Dante and Virgil as a romantic manifesto†. Art Journal 52, no. 2 (1993): 48. Rubin, James. â€Å"Eugene Delacroix†. ARTnews 97, no.11(1998): 155. Shelton, Andrew. â€Å"Ingres versus Delacroix†. Art History 23, no.5 (2000): 726-742. Southgate, Therese. â€Å"The cover†. JAMA 285, no.4 (2001): 375. Spitzer, Alan. â€Å"Delacroix, Art, and Patrimony in Post-Rev olutionary France†. The Journal of Modern History 78, no.2 (2006): 496-498. Stauffer, Andrew. â€Å"Dreaming in Books: The making of the bibliographic imagination in the Romantic Age†. Studies in Romanticism 50, no.1 (2011): 213-216,218. Tim, Wilson. â€Å"Delacroix, art, and patrimony in post-Revolutionary France†. Choice 42, no.4 (2004): 649-650. Trapp, Ferdinand. â€Å"The paintings of Eugene Delacroix: A critical catalogue: Fourth supplement and reprint of third supplement†. Choice 41, no.1(2003): 136-137. Wilkin Karen. â€Å"Art: Drawn to Revolution†. Wall Street Journal. Web. Footnotes 1 Anita Brookner. Romanticism and Its Discontents. (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2000), p.88. 2 Angelica Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 56. 3 See (Romanticism and its discontent), p.101 4Angela Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2 006), p. 32. 5 Ibid 1 p.63 6 Angelica Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 99 7 Ibid 1, p.113 8 Ibid 2, pg 117 9 Angelica Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven: Yale Univ Press, 2006), p. 115. 10 Wilson Barkley. Jacques Louis David. Smithsonian, 29.5(1998) p.83 11 James Kaufman Sternberg, Robert. The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p.94. 12 Griselda Pollock. The Female Hero and the Making of a Feminist Canon. Differencing the canon: feminist desire and the writing of arts histories. (London: Routledge, 1999), p.18 13 Wilson Barkley. JacquesLouis David. Smithsonian, 29, 5(1998), p.80 14Calley Galitz. The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825). In Heilbronn Timeline of Art History. (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000), p. 6 15 Philippe Bordes. Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile. Exhibition catalogue. (New Haven: Yale University Pre ss, 2005).p.77 16 Ibid 2, p 86 17 Philippe Bordes. Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile. Exhibition catalogue. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).p 22. 18 Rebecca Pauly. Baudelaire and Delacroix on Tasso in Prison: Romantic reflections on a Renaissance martyr. College Literature. 30.2 (2003), 120. 19 James Rubin. Eugene Delacroix. ARTnews. 97,11(1998)155 20 Michael Gibson. Indelibly Delacroix. The World I, 13.9 (1998): 115. 21 Karen Wilkin. â€Å"Art: Drawn to Revolution†. Wall Street Journal. 22 Annie Laurent. Painting and the Journal of Eugà ¨ne Delacroix. Revue de Littà ©rature Comparà ©e, 281, 107. 23 Michael Pantazzi. Memory in landscape: Corot at the National Gallery. Queens Quarterly, 103. 2 (1996)292. 24 Alan Spitzer. Delacroix, art and patrimony in post-revolutionary France. The Journal of Modern History 78, 2(2006): 496-498. 25 See ‘Eugene Delacroix’ 26 Wilson Tim. Delacroix, art, and patrimony in post-revolutionary France. Choice, 42.4 (2004) 649-650. 27 Rosenthal Angela. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006, p.57 28 Gabriel Barbara. Performing theory, performing gender: critical postscript. Essays on Canadian Writing, 54 (1994) 252. 29 Ferdinand Trapp. The paintings of Eugene Delacroix: A critical catalogue: Fourth supplement and reprint of third supplement. Choice, 41.1(2003) 137. 30 James Rubin. Delacroixs Dante and Virgil as a romantic manifesto. Art Journal, 52. 2 (1993): 48. 31 Williams Nicholas. Romanticism and popular culture in Britain and Ireland. Nineteenth Century Literature, 66. 1 (2011)126, 139. 32 Anahid Nersessian. Romanticism, History, Historicisin: Essays on Orthodoxy. Studies in Romanticism, 50.2 (2011), 380, 386. 33 Michael Podro. Wrestling with the Angel: The mystery of Delacroixs mural. TLS, the Times Literary Supplement, (5221) (2003)30 34 Lionel Gossman. Painting the sacred in the Age of Romanticism. The Catholic Historical Review 97, no.3 ( 2011): p.597. 35 Andrew Stauffer. Dreaming in Books: The making of the bibliographic imagination in the Romantic Age. Studies in Romanticism, 50, no. 1 (2011), p. 219. 36Thomas Crow. Emulation: David, Drouais, and Girodet in the Art of Revolutionary France. Rev. ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 43. 37 Bronwen Brown. The Cambridge companion to Delacroix. Reference Reviews 16, no.1 (2002), p.39. 38 Michel Ann-Marie. Delacroix and My Modern Masters. ARTnews 9, no. 8(1999): p.165. 39 Therese Southgate. The cover. JAMA 285, no.4 (2001): 375. 40 Andrew Shelton. Ingres versus Delacroix. Art History 23, no.5 (2000), p.742. 41 Tobias Pontara. Beethoven overcome: Romantic and existentialist utopia in Andrei Tarkovskys stalker. Nineteenth Century Music, 34.3 (2011), 315, 356.

Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Families - Essay Example More and more people are now open to having an equal footing in gender relationships, with the man not being â€Å"in charge† of the family. Admittedly there is some rancor due to these changes as well, but there are positive effects of these changing gender relationships on our values. Firstly, due to the fact that women are now also contributing to the economic well being of the family by earning, men have less pressure and stress on them. Men no longer have to cope with being sole bread earners for their families, nor do the families look up to them for their financial well being. This relieves a lot of stress from men, and women are now able to understand what working outside entails. Moreover, due to these changes, men and women are expected to be more open to each other emotionally, as both of them get a better understanding of each other when they share roles and responsibilities on an equal footing. This openness in communication also positively affects child rearing. This ensures, to quite an extent, the emotional and psychological wellbeing of the members of the family, as problems can be discussed more openly and understood much better. Due to these changing gender relationships, children are not told to mold themselves to a pattern, which is preset for them by society. Children have the freedom to decide what role they will adapt once they grow up. Girls are not limited to only household chores, and boys are not told to â€Å"man up† and hide their emotional and psychological trauma. This promotes equality in the household, resulting in better well-adjusted future adults. What is more, as children are not expected to follow a strict gender role, they are freer to express their desires and fears with their parents. Finally, this enables women to see themselves as more than just extensions of the males in their households. They have the freedom to become persons within themselves, and are not bound to anyone due to economic reasons, but

Protecting intellectual property rights in software Assignment

Protecting intellectual property rights in software - Assignment Example This paper examines the types of copying and how they can be protected using the intellectual property rights protections such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. To begin with, software market loses billions of dollars every year because of illegal copying. This has particularly been witnessed in Qatar where report shows that the country has lost millions of dollars to pirates in the software industry (Banerjee 2003, p.98). The duplication is usually done in two different ways namely software duplication and reverse engineering. Through these two methods, pirates have found it easy to duplicate the original works of others and use the pirated software to enrich themselves at the expense of the original producers (Banerjee 2003, p.98). In fact, presently most software shops in Qatar are full of illegally acquired software. However, as earlier stated, this is a global problem that needs joint effort through legislation of policies to protect the intellectual property rights in the software industry. However, there exist three different methods through which intellectual property rights in the software industry can be protected. These include patents, copyrights, and trademarks. All these methods protect software rights in different ways. A patent is one of the most common intellectual property rights protections. ... A patent usually provides this protection by granting exclusive monopoly the right to produce, sell, and utilize the invention for twenty years (Banerjee 2003, p.99). Report indicates that the exclusive monopoly for production, use, and sale of the software are usually perceived as a reward for the effort and time spent in coming up with the new invention. Report by Business Software Alliance (2009, p.5) indicated that in countries like the U.S. in order for an inventor to obtain a patent, he or she must make a formal application to the Patent Office and prove that the invention for which protection through patent is being sought is actually new, important, and unique according to Banerjee (2003, p.99). Patents are indeed a very useful tool for protecting software. This is based on the fact it is capable of protecting program features that other methods such as trademarks and copyrights cannot (Banerjee 2003, p.99). This is because a patent can protect features such as an inventorâ⠂¬â„¢s ideas, methods, functions, algorithms, and systems personified in the software product. In this regard, it also provides protection to software features such as user-interface features, program language, editing functions, operating system techniques, translation methods, menu arrangements, and compiling techniques among others. Once a patent has been granted for a particular software, it immediately becomes illegal for anyone to produce, use, or sell such patented products without the consent of the owner. Therefore, any contravention amounts to a breach of the law, which usually results into penalties and damages and sometimes may result in incarceration (Arai 2012, p.2). It, therefore, becomes very important for

Theory of Writing Essay Example for Free

Theory of Writing Essay Writing varies from a text message to a novel. Writers often have a difficult task in creating a piece of work that truly identifies the meaning of good writing. Every good writer usually starts with the basics such as genre, audience, rhetorical situation, and reflection of the piece. Throughout this semester, we have gone through all of these key terms in great detail with each new assignment that has come our way. In doing this, not only as students but also as writers, we have come to create our own theory of writing. Every writer has a different theory of writing though most are very similar. Now, at this point in the semester after doing countless journals, in-class exercises, and final assignments, I think I have figured out my own theory of writing. Theory of writing to me after all of these assignments is still a grey area but I can pick out main points of it. Theory of writing defined by me involves three main points. The first thing is how a writer does his or her best work. For instance, I like to do my writing at night when there is peace and quiet, almost to where I can hear aloud my own thoughts. Secondly, the theory includes what the writer does in planning. My planning includes no planning. I sit at my computer and just start typing all my thoughts on the screen until I do not feel like typing anymore. After that is done I usually cut the fat and revise all of my work. Lastly, I believe that the theory of writing process involves having one main goal in mind supported by smaller â€Å"sub-goals. † Like for example when doing my research essay on concussions in the NFL. I had the main topic of explaining concussions in the NFL with smaller â€Å"ingredients† helping me explain like the hits on a defenseless player rule and countless other ingredients to help me create my ultimate â€Å"burrito. Also in my theory of writing, I have learned to accept the four key terms (audience, genre, rhetorical situation, and reflection) as important concepts to keep in mind while writing all of the major assignments. Each term has a different meaning to me and I have learned more and more throughout this semester after each assignment. The very first assignment introduced me to these terms, where I still did not know exactly what they meant but I had a general idea. Look more:  process analysis essay I learned that genre affects what is being ritten because it sets the stage for what should be done and what readers expect by picking up the writing. Writers may go into writing a piece of art by combining a few genres but always have one genre that will shadow over the others. For example Martin Luther King Jr. ’s piece, â€Å"A Letter from Birmingham Jail,† has a specific genre, which is even stated in the title as a letter. King Jr. ’s piece can also be looked at as a persuasive essay because he is trying to convince his point of equality to the clergymen of Birmingham. When speaking of genre, I also have to incorporate audience because these two terms come hand in hand. A writer’s audience is the readers expectations of what they are going to be reading. Each genre usually has a specific audience. In the King Jr. speech, his initial audience was for the clergymen of Birmingham. Just like genre, there can be multiple audiences for one piece. King Jr. was also talking to the people who supported his equality point by saying we have waited too long for a change and need to act now. Rhetorical situation on the other hand was probably and still is the hardest key term for me to understand. I learned that Rhetorical situation is the circumstance in which you communicate. This involves the writer’s personal factors, the purpose of the writing, the genre, the audience, the topic, and the context for which you are writing. A writer’s personal factors include his or her background such as beliefs (religious or political), where they were raised, how they were raised, life experiences, etc. The purpose of writing is why as a writer you even started to write a certain piece. For instance the reason why I am writing this assignment along with the other three assignments is because I would like to receive a grade for my work. While doing this, I am also learning how to write better as a young adult going into the mature world where writing is key component in everyday life. Lastly, reflection is usually conceived as an after thought. Reflection is known to be more personal to the writer. This is good for a writer to link personal experiences into the writing. Not only is the author reflecting but also the audience too by creating a mental image in their head. Everyone will not have the same reflection because each individual thinks differently about various topics. For instance in the magazine article â€Å"Is Google Making us Stoopid? † by Nicholas Carr. Carr explains that Google is something you are researching rather than learning. In the article, Carr explains his reasoning like â€Å"When the Net absorbs a medium, that medium is recreated in the Net’s image. It injects the medium’s content with hyperlinks, blinking ads, and other digital gewgaws, and it surrounds the content with the content of all the other media it has absorbed. A new e-mail message, for instance, may announce its arrival as we’re glancing over the latest headlines at a newspaper’s site. The result is to scatter our attention and diffuse our concentration. † This quote makes me as a reader imagine someone clicking off the screen to another window where the email site is. It also makes me reflect on when I may have done this sort of action. I actually just minimized this paper because I just heard a Facebook chat message come in. Some people may not get distracted at all while reading. But this example shows how reflection comes about. Readers may not know this while reading, but most relate personal experiences while reading a certain piece. After learning these key terms in the first assignment, I tried applying this part of my theory to the rest of the assignments throughout the semester. During my research essay, I found myself thinking about my broad topic, concussions in the NFL. The NFL has such a big fan base that I did not know how to satisfy all of them. So my research essay was mainly for adults who do not know the science part of concussions and also doctors who do not know what football is trying to do about concussions. After finding out my genre and audience, I was able to use rhetorical situation and reflection in my paper as well by putting some of my own experiences with football into the paper. Overall, the research assignment though did not help me think about my theory of writing too much because I just looked at the assignment as another paper. On the other hand, the genre composition assignment opened my eyes wide open to my own theory of writing. The genre project was very different but help me realize how important genre and audience coherency really is. Like I established earlier, football has such a large audience that it is hard to incorporate all in one genre. So with three genres at hand, I was able to get almost every part of that audience. I broke the football audience into three groups: children, young adults, and adults. For each part of the audience, I had to think of a distinct genre to fit that audience. I ended up creating a video script for children, a magazine article for young adults, and a brochure for adults. Thinking of the different genres for the different audiences was not hard, but actually creating the different genres was difficult. It was difficult because as the writer I needed to think about the particular audience I was writing for. For instance when composing the script for the informational commercial, I needed to think about the children and what they would see when watching this since they were my target audience. Therefore, I need to write the script so a child can listen in and understand the message I am trying to get across about head injuries in football. I had to do this with all my audiences. That is why I think audience is the most important part of my writing theory. Coming into this class, rhetorical situation may have been the strongest part of my writing theory because I thought no matter what, you should always put some part of yourself in the writing. When doing the genre composition project, I felt like I did not put any of my own experiences into the writing so my previous theory had been compromised! Since I have come up with my own theory, I can now apply it to other writing assignments in school and also the real world. Writing is an essential part to the working world, and if one does not know how to write properly, they will not go far. I am going to be training to be a firefighter in the summer and next year while going to school. I want to ultimately work as a firefighter, which many would think does not involve a lot of writing. It actually does. Whenever the fire department is called out to a scene, a firefighter has to take a report of the scene and who was involved. If done improperly, the firefighter may be fired. Also when a firefighter moves up in rank to the lieutenant and captain positions, paperwork is their life. That is why I am in college now to learn essential skills that can be applied to firefighting and to also have a backup plan if firefighting does not work out. My theory of writing has grown throughout this semester and it will continue growing all my life until I die. It does not stop with this class, though this class has taught me a lot about certain key terms and has opened my eyes to new theories. I will add on to my theory of writing as I grow as a writer.

Rosalind Franklin Essay -- Biography Chemists Essays

Rosalind Franklin As hard as is it is today for women to succeed in the sciences, one must give kudos to those that came before us. These are the women that paved the way for today's generation of women scientists. One such woman is Rosalind Elsie Franklin, a chemist who had a great impact on the modern day field of genetics. Rosalind was the second of five children. She was born on July 25, 1920 in London. The Franklin's were an upper-class family who lived a life of luxury. Rosalind never even had to go to school - she would have been provided for from her family's wealth. As a child, she never felt like she was understood. She hated pretend games and did not play with dolls. Rosalind had to find the facts behind everything before she became a believer (McGrayne, 1993). Rosalind attended St. Paul's Girls' School in London. Here she had excellent training in science classes. It was here that she decided her career path. She applied to Cambridge University and passed the entrance exams. However, she almost didn't make it. Rosalind's father did not think that women should attend university and refused to pay for her education. Luckily, Rosalind's mother and an aunt became irate and said they would pay. Of course, Rosalind's father recanted in the effort not to be embarrassed by women paying for the education (McGrayne, 1993). The experience at Cambridge was not the best for Rosalind. There was a stuffy atmosphere for the women studying there. She vowed never to become like the women faculty members there. She graduated in 1941 with a degree in Chemistry (World Book, 2001). She then took a job with Nobel chemist, Ronald Norrish (McGrayne, 1993). From here she took a job with the British Coal Utilization Research As... ...tealing Rosalind's data, but this is close to recognition as she ever comes (McGrayne, 1993). So, while this woman has never been in the limelight, she pioneered molecular genetics as it is today. Without her stubborn need for the facts, the human genome would still be an enigma to us today. She is truly a role model for all women today. Works Cited Access Excellence. 1999. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.html Bernstein, Jeremy. Experiencing Science. New York. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. 1978. 143-163. McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. Nobel Prize Women in Science. New York. Birch Lane Press. 1993. 304-332. North, Anthony. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The University of Leeds. http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/BBS/whatis/cryst_an.html. World Book. 2001. http://www.worldbook.com/fun/wscimed/html/chemists.html. Rosalind Franklin Essay -- Biography Chemists Essays Rosalind Franklin As hard as is it is today for women to succeed in the sciences, one must give kudos to those that came before us. These are the women that paved the way for today's generation of women scientists. One such woman is Rosalind Elsie Franklin, a chemist who had a great impact on the modern day field of genetics. Rosalind was the second of five children. She was born on July 25, 1920 in London. The Franklin's were an upper-class family who lived a life of luxury. Rosalind never even had to go to school - she would have been provided for from her family's wealth. As a child, she never felt like she was understood. She hated pretend games and did not play with dolls. Rosalind had to find the facts behind everything before she became a believer (McGrayne, 1993). Rosalind attended St. Paul's Girls' School in London. Here she had excellent training in science classes. It was here that she decided her career path. She applied to Cambridge University and passed the entrance exams. However, she almost didn't make it. Rosalind's father did not think that women should attend university and refused to pay for her education. Luckily, Rosalind's mother and an aunt became irate and said they would pay. Of course, Rosalind's father recanted in the effort not to be embarrassed by women paying for the education (McGrayne, 1993). The experience at Cambridge was not the best for Rosalind. There was a stuffy atmosphere for the women studying there. She vowed never to become like the women faculty members there. She graduated in 1941 with a degree in Chemistry (World Book, 2001). She then took a job with Nobel chemist, Ronald Norrish (McGrayne, 1993). From here she took a job with the British Coal Utilization Research As... ...tealing Rosalind's data, but this is close to recognition as she ever comes (McGrayne, 1993). So, while this woman has never been in the limelight, she pioneered molecular genetics as it is today. Without her stubborn need for the facts, the human genome would still be an enigma to us today. She is truly a role model for all women today. Works Cited Access Excellence. 1999. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.html Bernstein, Jeremy. Experiencing Science. New York. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. 1978. 143-163. McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. Nobel Prize Women in Science. New York. Birch Lane Press. 1993. 304-332. North, Anthony. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The University of Leeds. http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/BBS/whatis/cryst_an.html. World Book. 2001. http://www.worldbook.com/fun/wscimed/html/chemists.html.

Narrative, Genre and representation of The Thomas Crown Affair

I have chosen to analyse â€Å"The Thomas Crown Affair† because the film has inspired me to indulge in life and make the most of the one life you get. For a film to inspire this it must be powerful and I want to analyse this film to really see how it can change people's lives and especially mine. As this was produced in the United States and being a popular film, I could tell this is Major. My Auntie works as an Administrator in the British Board of Film Classification, which means she sometimes gets free videos and gives some to me and that's how I found out about this film. Pierce Brosnan made it more enjoyable to watch because I've seen him act before and was impressed by his acting, but Rene Russo I had never even heard of until the film. The genre of the film is a hybrid between a comedy and crime because the absurd parts are humorous and the narrative is a detective crime. The iconography and the camera shots had a detective feel as well, for example, when it zoomed onto the bench and then panned up to where the painting was stolen. â€Å"Not quite as pleasurable, or guilt-inducing, as the first telling of the same story.† said Joe Rusly Which I think is absurd. In 1968 the film Thomas Crown Affair was made so this was the original one and then in 1999 it was remade and to me it's much better than the old one and even the rating has gone up by 7%. The narrative is basically a bored millionaire who decides to live his life on the edge and stages a multimillion dollar bank heist, but falls in love with an insurance investigator (from the victim bank) who suspects him of the crime. This narrative is obviously not a clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½; it's original with a twist to it. â€Å"Those expecting a caper flick will be bored to tears by the film's sluggish pace, and will be chilled by the icy chemistry between the stars.† according to a web site called www.rottentomatos.com, and I also agree myself. Nevertheless, there is a modest amount of suspense, for example, when Thomas Crown throws a painting into a bomb fire whilst the woman detective is watching and the detective and audience wonder whether that is the stolen painting. The narrative is elegant but mind twisting which is the reason I watched over and over again until I had got it, and believe me it's not sudden. The whole thing was believable but it did cross my mind that there were a lot of coincidences, for example, when the detective finds a secret painting stack the first time. The camera shots and mise-en-scene had an extensive amount of scenes and the camera shots were changing at a fast pace, in which case you could argue that it speeded up the enigma. This all made it hard to predict what was going to happen and prevents it from becoming predictable. The beginning and end were particularly entertaining with the music called Never Change and Sinnerman by Nina Simone. Combining this with the visual rhythm tic scenes is incredibly enjoyable and upbringing. The closure was closed because the woman detective went off with the so-called â€Å"Crown† in a private jet and disappeared into the horizon with the sun setting. The connotations of the horizon and sun set were that it was a contented forever-lasting relationship. The characters were believable every day people you would see if you were in New York. They were very realistic characters with authenticity. The woman was represented very stereotypically with the men complimenting her and she was always posing just so the men could talk about her behind her back. The protagonists were foreigners and they would speak in their own language and if not dreadful English. Everybody knows that all stars have make-up and special lighting to compose their look in a high-quality way. It has a big effect on the film because nobody wants to watch and old tatty film they want to see an effort has been made. The message of the film is to indulge in life and do whatever needs doing to get that thing, in this case it's the woman. If you've got the money spend, enjoy yourself, there is no point saving all that money when you only get one life, so make the most of it just like Thomas crown does. The targeted audience is middle-aged men and the odd 14-year-old boy wouldn't get hung over if he did watch it. People who believe they can get rich or even people who can be inspired would want to watch this film. The Narrative had met my expectations even if it did take three or four times to figure how his plan worked. It was surprisingly good and there was not one thing I didn't like, the music to the star appeal I got pleasure from.

Assembling Of The Jury System Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1342 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? A jury system is a system whereby trials of criminal matters such as murder, rape, fraud and other relating matters are heard, usually in the Crown Court. The need for a jury arises when a defendant, in a case, pleads not guilty. In very rare cases though such as libel cases, a jury would be summoned in the Civil Court of Law. Jury services are an old custom in the British Law System. These trials by jury was first preserved in law in what the world sees as a first declaration of human rights the Magna Carta, which documents that in 1215, King John, after a rebellion by his barons, stated that a free man shall not beÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.imprisonedÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.unless by the judgment of his peers. Thereafter the right to a jury system was finally recognized in the legal system following the trial of William Penn in 1670. A jury consists of twelve lay members from the electoral register which is randomly chosen by computerized s ystems at the Central Summoning Bureau at Blackfraiars in London. Not all persons listed on the electoral register would be qualified however. Usually, persons are disqualified due to the following reasons: Persons who at any time been sentenced in the U.K., the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man. Persons who are at any time in the last 10 years been apprehended, served any sentence of imprisonment, or a community punishment order, defined in Section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in the U.K., the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man. Persons in the last five years, made in respect of them probation order or a community rehabilitation order. Apart from disqualifiers to a jury, there are exemptions. In essence to R v Guildford Crown Court Expante Sinderfin (1989) 3 ALLER7, the court has the power to excuse a person from jury service where it is felt that the particular juror would not be able to perform the duties properly as a person has conscientious objectives to j ury services. This would apply to practicing lawyers for instance. If jurors are chosen through computerized systems, the questions arise, how indeed would administration of justice know the difference between qualifiers and non-qualifiers? Do they have effective and efficient software systems in place for selecting non-qualifiers? To answer these questions, under Section 61 of the Administration of Justice Act, 1982, it is said that questions may be put forward to a prospective juror to ascertain whether he is qualified for jury service at any time and not just when he attends following jury summons. Another vital factor of the selection process is the incorporation of jury vetting, which is necessary as it serves as a precaution against criminal elements, usually conducted by the police. Jurors are expected to be able to work well in teams, possess good decision making skills and competency in self-management. Having a jury system is satisfactory to many since the defendant is not subjected to be judged by the state. This can serve as an advantage to the defendant, depending on the case, in the sense of putting forward views of lay persons, through much deliberation and not the state which may be a more traditional approach. Juries are said to be a very essential check on the criminal justice system. In a recent detailed study into the justice of juries, involving a two year survey of more than one thousand jurors at Crown Courts and a separate study of over sixty eight thousand jury verdicts, tackling racial discrimination, jury conviction rates, juror comprehension and improper conduct, juror use of the internet and media coverage of jury trials. It concludes that juries in England and Wales are fair, effective and efficient according to ULLs Professor Cheryl Thomas. The report stated as follows: There is no discrimination against black and minority ethnic backgrounds defendants who stand before an all-white jury. Juries almost always reach a verdict and convicts two thirds of the time. There are no courts where juries acquit more often than convict. The study additionally revealed: Jurors want to understand and be provided with more information on how to do their job. Written instructions improve jurors use the internet to look for information about the case on trial. Some jurors find media reports of their case difficult to ignore (can play with jurors minds). Each year, it is said that an average of three hundred and ninety thousand British citizens are summoned to do jury service. It is a very principal civic duty, but not a simple one to execute. Jury service can involve some of the most gruesome crimes, or even highly technical and complex evidence to be verified. Jurors responsibility is huge since they have to be specific, without any doubt, be accurate about the findings on the defendant in question. Due to this enormous responsibility, jurors may be affected in being highly traumatized, dist ressed or doubtful as a result. More so, they are forbidden from talking about it under the Contempt of Court Act, 1981. Subsequent to the technological and complexity aspects of a case or cases, the question of, if a jury system still works? has surfaced. In recent times psychologists at the University of Leicester conducted a research into how stressful people found the experience. 3Dr. Noelle Robertson stated, that it confirms that jury service can be a source of stress, which for some can be overwhelming, she added they (jurors) have to discuss evidence and may be under pressure to change their views, people perceive that they have been bullied or hectored, or may be unhappy with the decision. The study concluded that jurors need more support aid in preparation and directions for making their decisions and debriefing in traumatic cases. Since they provide no reasoning in arriving a decision on trial, critics would ask, how really do these ordinary people arrive at a decisi on? Are they really being fair or biased to the defendant in question? Do they really understand the cases, especially the complicated ones? A major concern in even more recent times has shown that because of the misuse of the internet by jurors, the jury system might, not survive if it is not stopped, according to the most senior judge in England and Wales. Media influences has always been a con to the jury system, however, it really has blown out of proportion now, people are posting details of cases on social networks such as face book and twitter, asking for advice on what verdict should be given. Lord Judge said, that it cannot prevent people from tweeting, but if jurors look at such material, the risks to the fairness of the trial will be very serious, and ultimately the openness of the trial process on which we all rely, would be damaged as a consequent. The BBC quoted Lord Chief Justice, Lord Judge, as saying if the jury system is to survive as the system for a fair trialÃƒÆ ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.the misuse of the internet by jurors must stop. He also stated that the notice in jury rooms be amended to include a warning that such research could be considered as a contempt of court, failing to obey could lead to sentencing jurors. Lord Judge also suggested that sending text messages from court buildings should be banned. In conclusion, the student would have to agree with His Honor Gerald Butler, who is in no doubt, stated that a jury system is not perfect, but it generally works extremely well. He added that juries should be allowed to make a decision about whether expert evidence is accurate, provided they get proper directions from the judge. Likewise, through research, the student has recognized that jurors may be taking up the wrong approach of assembling of information and deliberation of the trial in question. However, the student strongly believes that this adverse effect is due to possible faults in the law system, such as not enough d ata being provided on hand for cases. The student suggests that maybe some sort of debriefing systems be set up to rectify this issue. Word Count: 1357 words Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assembling Of The Jury System Law Essay" essay for you Create order